1.1.5. Filters

One Big Scam

Any discussion of ANY filter requires a disclaimer. ALL commercial filters almost without exception tell the owner to replace the filter media (cartridges, sponge, ceramic rings, carbon, Matrix, etc.) regularly, once a month, once every three months, or once every six months. Supposedly this is because the media becomes clogged and dirty. And the media is ridiculously expensive. We must emphasize:

Replacing the Filter Media is a Big SCAM!!!

Yes, there is absolutely no reason to replace the media regularly other than to make a lot of money for the supplier of the filter. And when filter media is replaced (or cleaned well) one loses most of the beneficial bacteria and starts the cycle all over again.

Aquarium Filters

Every aquarium needs a filter to do the biofiltration. Most beginners to the hobby get a small hang on the back or internal cartridge filter and follow the instructions to change the filter cartridge once a month. This is a huge mistake. The instructions are a profit-motivated scam. It simply doesn’t work. There ends up being no biofiltration (biofiltration is the removal of poisonous fish pee by slow-growing beneficial bacteria colonies on the filter media) at all in the aquarium.

If one has a cartridge filter, do not replace the cartridges every month. Instead, clean the outside (and ONLY the outside) of the cartridge with a brush every few weeks to every few months. Avoid cleaning or changing the media inside the cartridge (typically this is activated carbon). The “brown gunk” that builds upon this media is a very good beneficial bacteria that helps keep the fish healthy. It is not fish poop! “Beneficial bacteria ain’t pretty”.

Any newcomer to the fish hobby should get an under-gravel filter. One must now purchase them over the internet as most fish shops have stopped selling them. Under-gravel filters don’t have enough of a profit margin. Under-gravel filters give great biofiltration if they are not cleaned for years at a time. If under-gravel filters are cleaned on a regular basis they do not work well and they are a high-maintenance pain in the butt.

Filter Options

These filters have many different aspects which need to be considered.

*# of 3″ Fish refers to the number of three-inch fish that can be given crystal clear water with this filter. Note this chart is a very very gross approximation. Also, this review assumes a typical 29 to 40-gallon tank with correspondingly sized filters. And it assumes that an overflow siphon is not visually objectionable while a dirty sponge sitting in a tank is objectionable.

Note these are only the most common filtration methods. There are a great many other methods used for filtration. These methods are reviewed in depth in the following article:

8. Filters

Ammonia oxidation is a much easier process than giving clear water. The ammonia load of these filters can be twenty times the number of three-inch fish listed.

The larger the fish and the more fish the more cubic inches of media are needed. All these filters have their pluses and their minuses. Which one you use is a matter of personal preference and wallet size.

All these types of filters can be used successfully. Combinations of hang-on-backs (HOBs) and under-gravel are great (HOB does mechanical, under-gravel does biological). And sponge filters are great for breeding tanks but kind of ugly in decorative tanks. Large tanks with lots of fish and/or large fish do best with sumps.

Aquarium Filter Myths

There are many myths parroted around social media about filters. These myths include:

• The brown “gunk” inside the filter bio-media or filter foam is trapped feces and it is beneficial to the aquarium to remove it frequently and thoroughly. This is the single biggest myth in the hobby and kills more fish than any other myth!
• Hang-on-back filters that use cartridges, such as Marineland Penguin^tm, Aqueon Quietflow^tm, Tetra Whisper^tm, and Fluval Aqua-Clear^tm, should have the cartridges replaced every month to three months. This is simply the biggest scam in the hobby. Don’t replace cartridges till they fall apart.

• Filters should be cleaned at least every month.
• Filters and sponges must be cleaned in aquarium water and never in chlorinated water.
• Under-gravel filters don’t work well.
• Hang-on-back filters are filters that give great biological filtration.
• Most canister filters filled with the media that comes with them (typically ceramic rings and bio-balls) are great biological filters.
• As long as the filtration is adequate to oxidize ammonia, more filtration will not help the health of the fish.
• The larger the filter the fewer nitrates in an aquarium and the fewer water changes required.
• There are bad types of filters called “nitrate factories”.

• Under-gravel filters need lots of maintenance.
• Only the flow rate in gallons per hour determines filter efficiency, not square feet of bio-media surface.
• A canister that has an actual flow rate of 600 GPH (gallons per hour) can filter roughly twice the amount of fish that a canister that has an actual flow rate of 300 GPH.
• “K1” fluidized beds take longer to cycle than standard submerged beds.
• “K1” fluidized beds are not as efficient as submerged static media beds.

• Trickle filters are very efficient filters.
• Wet/dry filters are very good efficient filters.
• There are anaerobic nitrate-removing reactor designs commercially available that work well in the aquarium.

All these myths are simply false

The beginner should always try to start with a few small fish, especially if one only has a small filter. Fish over three inches in length create much more waste than one realizes. A four-inch fish is eight times heavier than a two-inch fish. The four-inch fish creates eight times the waste of the two-inch fish. A beginner should start with just a few one to three-inch fish and ramp up. Design the filtration to handle the maximum load being contemplated.

Do NOT do what this beginner did:

I count 16 four to five-inch fish in a new aquarium with a tiny in-tank filter. This is a formula for disaster. The filter probably isn’t cycled and is FAR too small for the number and size of the fish. I predict that, sadly, most of the fish in this tank will be dead in a month. Again, have patience and do things SLOWLY. Only add new fish when the filter is big enough to do it. This aquarium needs a mature large canister filter and/or an under-gravel filter. Also, the aeration on this aquarium appears to be minimal.

Filters in More Depth

To go into the subject of filters in-depth click on the following link:

8. Filters

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Source: Aquariumscience.org – David Bogert