15.5. Aquarium Fertilizing

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There are several methods of fertilizing a planted aquarium:

The easiest approach to planted aquarium fertilizing is to simply use a “ready-made” fertilizer like Aquarium Co-Op Easy Green™ per the instructions on the container. Easy. Simple. Effective. But this method is not cheap.
Adding an expensive complete commercial liquid fertilizer “program” to the water column with multiple expensive bottle of various and sundry “fertilizers”.
Adding inexpensive, simple DIY nitrate-nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer to the water column
The inexpensive DIY Estimative Index methodology of Dr. Tom Barr (This labor-intensive method is probably the most popular method among the “experts”)
Adding inexpensive DIY ammoniacal nitrogen and potassium to the water column with phosphorus and iron tabs to a fine substrate (my preferred method)
Adding inexpensive DIY ammonia nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and iron epiphytic fertilizers to the water column
“Natural Fertilizers” like fish food, combined with significant biofiltration

All seven are used by planted aquarium hobbyists with varying degrees of success.

If one rates these methods, using a 1 to 10 scale, with 1 being bad and 10 being very good you get this chart:

	Efficacy	Cost	Difficulty	Algae Control
Ready-Made	4	1	9	3
Program	2	1	3	5
Simple DIY	4	9	8	3
EI	10	8	1	8
NH4 + Tabs	10	7	2	10
Epiphytic DIY	7	8	4	6
“Natural”	3	10	10	1

Fertilizer Program Properties

Now everyone will have different properties they want in a fertilizer. So this chart lets one pick and choose.

As is the case in many articles on this website, this article is very long-winded and suitable only for real nerds like the author.

Table of Contents

1, Commercial Complete Fertilizers

As far as fertilizer “recommendations” one can go with a good aquarium complete fertilizer and follow the directions on the bottle. The best I could find is the Aquarium Co-op Easy Green fertilizer (and no, I am not an affiliate of Aquarium Co-op). Note ALL commercial liquid fertilizers are expensive and can be duplicated with chemicals from the web at a fraction of the cost.

15.5.1. Ready-Made Fertilizer

2, Commercial “Programs” or “Lines” of Fertilizers

A very expensive method of fertilizing is to go with a commercial fertilization “program” such as the eight-product Seachem line. I’m not exactly a fan of this, to put it mildly. I have a very intense dislike of the Seachem marketing methods, something which probably colors my narrative way too much, but so be it.

To understand the “program” fertilizer methods and products it is best to go to this link:

15.5.2. Fertilizer Programs

3, The Simplest DIY Fertilizer

To make a simple, easy, and cheap DIY nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, simply buy two chemicals then mix per these directions; mix up one liter of hot distilled water with the following:

328 grams potassium nitrate (NPK 13-0-44)
16 grams mono-potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (NPK 0-52-34)

First, dissolve the dipotassium phosphate into the water and then dissolve the potassium nitrate. This creates roughly one liter of water-based fertilizer solution with a composition of roughly 3-0.6-11 NPK.

More recipes can be found at this link:

15.5.7. DIY Fertilization

4, EI Fertilizing of Planted Aquariums

This DIY method was developed by the excellent scientist Dr. Tom Barr and is extremely effective. Most high-tech planted tank “experts” use this somewhat complex but inexpensive methodology. It is a very time-consuming method of fertilization (weekly water changes) which is why I do not like it. I am lazy. I have attempted to lay out the EI fertilization method in this link:

15.5.3. Estimative Index

5, DIY Ammonium plus Tabs Fertilizer

There is an inexpensive DIY fertilization program that is a little different. It does the following:

Puts the phosphate and iron into the substrate, not the water column
Uses ammonium instead of nitrate to supply the nitrogen

The tabs ONLY work with a fine substrate. If one has gravel substrate or an undergravel filter the other fertilizer methods are better. This program can be found at the following link:

15.5.4. NH4 + Tabs Fertilizer

6, DIY Epiphytic Fertilizer

If one has epiphytic plants, this link has a formula for a fertilizer that puts everything into the water column. This fertilizer is the EI fertilization method with ammonium instead of nitrate.

15.5.5. DIY Epiphytic Fertilizer

7. The “Natural” Way: Fish Food as the Fertilizer

Some hobbyists simply use an excess of fish food to fertilize the plants. This can be made to work IF one adds a decent amount of biofiltration while keeping the currents in the aquarium low. This is the link to such an approach:

15.5.6 Fish Food as Fertilizer

Fertilizer Components

Each fertilizer component has its own unique set of characteristics:

Nitrogen in all its forms is very soluble and is best supplied in the water column.
Potassium in all its forms is very soluble and is best supplied in the water column. The major use of potassium is to transport various nutrients around vascular plants. As such it is of little use to any form of algae or cyanobacteria.
Phosphorus (phosphate) gets easily tied up in insoluble calcium, magnesium, and iron compounds. As a result, phosphate becomes relatively “immobile” in a fine substrate and doesn’t readily “leach out” of the substrate. But rooted plants can still access the phosphate in most of the immobile phosphate compounds. Phosphate is thus best supplied in the substrate.
Iron has two forms. “Ferrous” iron is relatively soluble and plant accessible but easily oxidized to “ferric” iron which is insoluble and not accessible by plants. This oxidation proceeds rapidly in any well-oxygenated environment, especially if the pH is over 7.4. But in a fine substrate, the pH is generally 6.0 to 6.5, oxygen levels are lower, and the iron is readily available to plants. As a result, iron is best supplied through the roots. Iron is only needed in very small but very constant quantities.
Calcium is sufficient for most plants in all but very soft water, but it is dependent on the plant.
Magnesium, the forgotten nutrient, is often not sufficient in water for the excellent plant growth of some plants.
“Micronutrients” are just that, nutrients needed in such tiny quantities that almost any water source provides plenty of them. Only worry about these if one is using RO or distilled water. Note iron is the one micronutrient that IS needed in a fertilizer.

Soft Water

There is one situation where a fertilizer of sorts is called for in all types of fertilization. If the water is very soft (GH less than 3 or dGH less than 72) then it needs both calcium and magnesium additions for most plants. The easiest way to do this is to simply add one level teaspoon of Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) and one level teaspoon of Plaster of Paris (calcium sulfate and calcium carbonate) to every ten gallons of water change water.

Hard High pH Water

Hard high pH water (GH greater than 10 and pH greater than 7.4) present a problem with iron and phosphate. Under these conditions iron alone is tied up in a matter of hours. Add phosphate to the equation and the iron is tied up in minutes. So with hard high pH water it is very important to add iron and phosphorus to the water column separately at least 24 hours apart, Better yet add both the phosphorus and the iron into the substrate in separate tabs.

Waiting Period

One should wait for one to three months before fertilizing any rooted plants. That gives them a chance to get established and send out nutrient-absorbing roots. Note that it is normal for a new plant to die back when planted in an aquarium. And algae do not die back. Algae begin reproducing as soon as one sets up the planted aquarium. So if one adds fertilizer early, one is just fertilizing algae. One needs to have patience with plants and allow them time to send out roots and get acclimated to their new surroundings. This can take one to three months.

Then gradually ramp up the fertilizer quantities in high-tech aquariums for one to two months. Low-tech aquariums need to be ramped up over six months to a year.

Remember, there are three important things to keep in mind when setting up a planted aquarium:

Patience, Patience, and Patience

Fertilizer “Ramp-up”

If one has a high-tech aquarium with a lot of light and CO2 injection one might ramp up concentrated high-tech fertilizer amounts such as the EI method or Easy Green by the following progression:

Week 1 – nothing
Week 3 – 3% concentration
Week 5 – 6% concentration
Week 7 – 12% concentration
Week 9 – 25% concentration
Week 11 – 50% concentration
Week 13 – 100% concentration

If one has a low-tech aquarium with moderate light and no CO2 injection one might ramp up the low-tech fertilizer amounts (typically 20% of the concentration of the high-tech fertilizer) by the following progression:

Month 1 – nothing
Month 2 – 3% concentration
Month 3 – 6% concentration
Month 4 – 12% concentration
Month 5 – 25% concentration
Month 6 – 50% concentration
Month 7 – 100% concentration

Note the high tech is in weeks while the low tech is in months. This is just a suggestion. I wait longer before adding fertilizer but most hobbyists do not have my patience.

Dosing Pumps

Typically the more times one adds fertilizer to a planted aquarium the fewer algae one will have. So a few freshwater planted tank enthusiasts have taken a page from the reef aquarium hobby and set up what is called “dosing pumps”. They set the pumps up to add fertilizer automatically at exactly the right time every day.

Some enthusiasts use a two-station pump. One pumping nitrogen – phosphorus – potassium, and one pumping iron and micronutrients with the EI method. This is a very good arrangement for a high-tech tank with epiphytic plants.

Nutrient Shortage Signs

The following chart from Aquarium Co-op is very useful for fertilizing an aquarium. Just up whatever nutrient is missing for plants:

Signs of Nutrient Deficiency jpg — Signs of Nutrient Deficiency

Research Papers

One recent study (“Effects of Substrate Nutrients on Growth of Three Submersed Aquatic Plants”, Gosselin, 2020) of fertilizers was done on three common submerged plants: pondweed, hydrilla, and southern naiad. The Gosselin study by the University of Florida showed ammonium nitrogen gave twice the growth rate of an equal amount of urea nitrogen and six times the growth rate of an equal amount of nitrate nitrogen.

Another study showed foliar uptake of ammonium by Eurasian water milfoil was several times more rapid than uptake of nitrate when both forms of nitrogen were present in the water (Nichols and Keeney 1976).

Note that a whole series of research papers confirm that BOTH algae and vascular plants use ammonium preferentially over nitrate. This is hardly surprising. Let us make it clear:

ALGAE IS A PLANT!

So playing with nutrient levels to control algae without “controlling” plants with stems and leaves is not productive, other than the use of high levels of potassium for vascular plant growth.

Algae and Fertilization

There are many videos and pieces of “expert advice” that say that “algae” like this or that fertilizer ingredient more than “plants” like this or that fertilizer ingredient. For instance, folks say algae like ammonium while “plants” like nitrate.

But algae like the same thing as “plants” like. Both “higher plants”. also called “vascular plants” (plants that have stems, leaves, and roots) and algae like ammonium better than nitrate. But both can utilize nitrate equally well. So using nitrate will NOT prevent algae. Nor will using ammonium “encourage algae growth” any more than it encourages stem plant growth.

If one only fertilizes in the water column, limiting phosphate will limit algae growth but it will also limit stem plant growth. The only way to use fertilization to give rooted plants a “leg up” on algae is by adding phosphate and iron to the substrate, where algae obviously can’t get to it as algae do not have roots.

But this is not to say that by limiting phosphorus and iron in the water column one can eliminate algae. Algae will grow in VERY nutrient-poor waters. So one cannot COMPLETELY PREVENT algae growth by limiting nutrients. But thriving stem plants prevent algae by putting out chemicals (negative allelopathy). So anything which can give plants a boost will improve the situation.

Fertilizers in More Depth

We go into aquarium fertilizers in more depth in the following links:

Planted Aquariums in Depth

The following sections will give you some general guidelines on the easiest ways to get lush plant growth without algae growth in an aquarium:

15.6. Carbon Dioxide

15.7. Substrates for Planted Aquariums

15.8. Walstad Aquarium

15.9. High-Tech Planted Aquarium

15.10. Hybrid Planted Aquariums

15.11. Many Fish Many Plants

15.12. Propagating Plants

15.13. Hua Aquariums

15.14 Low Tech Planted Aquariums

15.15. Sterilizing Plants

15.16. “Natural” or “Balanced” Aquariums

2.15. Cycling a Planted Aquarium

Startpage Aquariumscience

Source: Aquariumscience.org – David Bogert