Planted Aquariums in Depth
We go into more guidelines for all aquariums more in this article:
15.1. Planted Aquariums in Depth
The following sections will give you some general guidelines on the easiest ways to set up a beautiful planted aquarium:
15.2. Fish for Planted Tank
15.3. Fish Limitations
15.4. Types of Planted Aquariums
15.5. Fertilizing
15.5.1. Ready-Made Fertilizer
15.5.2. Fertilizer Programs
15.5.3. Estimative Index
15.5.4. NH4 + Tabs Fertilizer
15.5.5. DIY Epiphytic Fertilizer
15.5.6. Fish Food as Fertilizer
15.5.7. DIY Fertilization
15.6. Carbon Dioxide
15.6.1. Low Tech CO2 Aquarium System
15.6.2. KH, pH, CO2 Relationships in a Planted Aquarium
15.6.3. High Tech CO2 System
15.6.4. CO2 from Food
15.7. Substrates for Planted Aquariums
15.8. Walstad Aquarium
15.9. High-Tech Planted Aquarium
15.10. Hybrid Planted Aquariums
15.11. Many Fish Many Plants
15.12. Propagating Plants
15.13. Hau Aquariums
15.14. Low Tech Planted Aquariums
15.15. Sterilizing Plants
15.16. “Natural” or “Balanced” Aquariums
2.15. Cycling a Planted Aquarium
Types of Planted Aquariums
There are as many types of planted aquariums as there are hobbyists with planted aquariums. Each tank is different. But there are six broad categories of tanks. Three are “Natural” systems with no chemical fertilization or carbon dioxide gas (CO2 gas injection) to speak of. The conditions TYPICALLY seen in these three types of aquariums are as follows:
| “Natural” Planted Tanks | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Low Tech | Walstad | Father Fish | |
| Plants | Only very Easy | Only Easy Ones | Only Easy Ones |
| Fertilizer | Fish waste | Fish food in excess | Fish waste |
| Bottom substrate | Various | One-half-inch gravel | One inch of nitrogen-rich organic soil |
| Capping substrate | None | Three-inch sand | One inch of nitrogen-poor organic soil |
| Carbon Dioxide | None | From soil and food | From soil and food |
| Lights | Moderate 16-8 | Moderate 5-4-5-10 | High 14-10 |
| Filter | Small | Small | None |
| Aeration | None | None | Some |
| Water movement | Some | Very light | Some |
| Number of fish | Light | Light | Heavy |
| Inoculate | None | Soil | Pond Mud |
| Difficulty | Easy | Easy | Moderately |
The following conventions are used for the lights. The “moderate” and “high” refer to the intensity of the light. The first number is hours on, second number is hours off, third number is hours on, etc.
Note the are NOT RULES. They are ONLY suggestions about what is seen in the typical aquarium of any given type. For instance, some of these low tech tanks have some very difficult plants growing quite well in them. The article on Walstad method has quite a few photos of Walstad aquariums with some very difficult plants in them. It just isn’t typical of the low tech type of aquarium. The aquarium is a natural system and Mother Nature is VERY flexible.
Then there are those planted aquarium systems that use chemical fertilization and/or carbon dioxide gas injection:
| Types of “Chemical” Planted Tanks | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Hau Method | Hybrid | High Tech | |
| Plants | Any | Any | Any |
| Fertilizer | Only fish food and root tabs | Light fertilization | Heavy fertilization |
| Bottom substrate | Three inches of gravel | One inch wood pellets | Two inches commercial planted aquarium soil |
| Capping substrate | None | One-inch coarse sand | None |
| Carbon Dioxide | Low Tech bottles | From the pellets | Heavy injection |
| Lights | Light 8 on – 16 off | Moderate 4-4-4-4-4-4 | Very high 14 on – 10 off |
| Filter | Small | Big | Varies |
| Aeration | Little | None | Varies |
| Water movement | Little | None | Varies |
| Number of fish | Moderate | Light | Light |
| Inoculate | Plants | Pond Mud | None |
| Difficulty | Easy | Moderately | Moderately |
The following conventions are used for the lights. The “light”, “moderate” and “high” refer to the intensity of the light. The first number is hours on, second number is hours off, third number is hours on, etc.
Recommendations
It is POSSIBLE to have a successful planted aquariums which is a very simple affair without carbon dioxide additions and pretty much ANY combination of substrates, plants, aeration and filtration. I have only noticed one “guideline” with planted aquariums that is VERY challenging to break. This one “guideline” is:
Only have a Few Small Fish in the Planted Aquarium
Any experienced aquarium owner will tell you that when you enter the hobby there is a decision you must make. Do you want an aquarium of all fish or do you want an aquarium of largely plants? Do you want a fish aquarium or a planted aquarium? Creating a well planted aquarium with a heavy loading of fish is extremely difficult. Even a moderate amount of fish with a lot of plants is challenging. But then many enjoy a challenge.
In our meanderings over the years we have found several ways to have decent numbers of decent sized fish in an aquarium. Mother Nature is VERY flexible. These methods are reviewed in this link:
15.11. Many Fish Many Plants
If one really wants plants with their fish there are some plants which are the exception and simply can’t be killed and which seem to live under any and all conditions. While they will get some algae on their leaves the leaves are resistant to being smothered by algae. And they seem to live in under all conditions with no fertilizer at all. They even live with very low light conditions.
These plants include Anubias (just don’t put the bulbs INTO the substrate), Amazon Sword (Echinodorus amazonicus), Java Fern (Leptochilus pteropus, synonym Microsorum pteropus), and Java Moss (Taxiphyllum barbieri). Java fern and Java moss are both “epiphytes” and need to be either attached to a surface like a piece of wood or they need a very open substrate like aquarium gravel. If you bury the crown on Java fern in sand it will die.
Definition of a “Planted Aquarium”
There is a distinct difference between a “planted aquarium” and an “aquarium with plants”. Beginners seem to think that one can put a few plants into an aquarium and within months the plants will multiply and take over the aquarium. It doesn’t work that way.
The aquarium below is one such aquarium. Note that the aluminum plant in the middle is terrestrial and will die in water. The other five species of plants will probably fare little better as there is an air stone operated sponge filter in the back. Air stones ensure that the CO2 level is too low for most plants to survive.
For an example of how not to set up a planted aquarium, let’s use a sixty-gallon beginner’s “aquarium with plants”. Let us add six different species of plants into a sixty-gallon aquarium at a density of one plant per ten gallons, six plants in the sixty-gallon. This is what one would term “an aquarium with plants”. Of the six plants in our example, two die back in the first month to stubs, two do nothing and two begin growing slowly.
The beginner is adding the recommended dose of a complete fertilizer twice a week, just like the directions say. They leave the light on from 7 in the morning till ten at night (15 hours). Because they are way over fertilized the two stubs and the two plants doing nothing die completely.
And the two plants remaining struggle because they are getting the fertilizer loading for about fifty plants and algae are thriving in the high light condition. Finally, all the plants die, algae takes over the aquarium and the hobbyist is puzzled as to what happened. After all, “I fertilized per the directions“.
Experienced hobbyists who put together the beautiful high-tech planted aquariums which are wall to wall with plants all either raise or buy plants in large quantities. They would plant this sixty-gallon aquarium with TEN plants of each species, sixty plants total. They would slowly ramp up the fertilizer along with the lighting over the span of a few months. They would NOT add any aeration. They would add some sort of CO2 (including soil substrate) to bring the CO2 level from 3 ppm to at least 10 ppm. This is a “planted aquarium”.
If one only has a limited budget and cannot buy sixty plants at once (at $5 per plant that is $300) one can raise the plants. But note that takes some thought. Here is a link on how to do it:
15.12. Propagating Plants
Recommendations for Planted Aquariums
There are several very general, frequently not followed, recommendations for a planted aquarium:
- Light stocking of fish smaller than two inches
- A carbon dioxide (“CO2”) level above 10 ppm first thing in the morning
- A plant every three inches across both the length and the width of the aquarium
- Little surface movement of the water and no air stones
- Slowly ramp up light and CO2 over a span of months.
Note that fertilization is NOT included in this list. Fertilization is MUCH less important than many seem to think.
Startpage Aquariumscience
Source: Aquariumscience.org – David Bogert
