Poecilia picta – Swamp Guppy
Poecilia picta was first described by Charles Tate Regan in 1913. This species is part of the family Poeciliidae, which is known for its live-bearing fish, including the popular guppy (Poecilia reticulata). The genus name Poecilia is derived from the Greek word “poikilos,” which means “colored” or “variable,” reflecting the vibrant appearance of the fish in this group. The species name picta comes from the Latin word “pictus,” meaning “painted” or “colored,” which refers to the striking colors and patterns displayed by this fish species.
Their common name is Swamp Guppy or Picta Swamp Guppy.
Synonym: Micropoecilia picta.
Description of Poecilia picta
Poecilia picta has a slender, streamlined body typical of fish in the Poeciliidae family. The average total length of this fish species is between 3.5 and 4.5 centimeters, with males usually slightly smaller than females. Depending on the origin, the head is often light in color, while the flanks range from a bright orange to a deeper yellow, with black and sometimes yellow spots forming an attractive pattern. The fins are usually transparent with a yellow or orange tint, and the caudal fin may also have striking markings such as black dots or stripes.
Differences between males and females
There are distinct physical differences between the sexes. Males tend to be more vibrantly colored, with striking orange and black stripes on their dorsal fins, while females tend to be more muted in color, which helps them camouflage themselves in their natural environment. Behaviorally, males often display active courtship behavior, circling females and displaying their colors to attract the females’ attention. Females tend to be less active in displaying their colors, choosing their mates based on the attractiveness of the male’s colors.
The difference is most clearly visible in the anal fin. In females, this is a really rounded fin. This has degenerated into a pointed tubular fin called the gonopodium in males. This gonopodium is used during mating. You can read more about the gonopodium here: The Gonopodium in the Family Poeciliidae .
Behavior and temperament
The Swamp Guppy is generally a peaceful fish species. It is social and often lives in small groups or schools, which helps it protect itself from predatory fish. These fish are not shy and can thrive in an aquarium environment, where they actively swim around in the mid-water layers. They are not territorial and can live well with other non-aggressive species. Their behavior is generally peaceful, although males may sometimes fight for the attention of females, especially during the mating season.
Life expectancy
In the wild, the lifespan of Poecilia picta typically ranges from 2 to 3 years. However, in a well-maintained aquarium with excellent water quality and proper nutrition, these fish can live up to 5 years or even longer. This longevity makes them an appealing option for aquarists seeking a colorful and active fish species that is relatively easy to care for.
Poecilia picta Biotope
Natural distribution
Poecilia picta is native to several countries in South America and the Caribbean, including Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago. It is primarily found in lowland areas, where it inhabits water bodies such as rivers and swamps.
Distribution
This species is primarily a river fish, typically found in slow-moving waters such as muddy streams, lagoons, and swamps. They thrive in areas with high biodiversity, where they can easily hide among the vegetation. The Poecilia picta inhabits habitats rich in underwater plants and algae, which provide both camouflage and a food source. The edges of their habitat are often lined with trees and other vegetation, offering shade and protection from predators.
Soil and substrate
The soil in their natural habitat is usually a mixture of mud and sand, which allows them to hide and shelter. This substrate is important for their reproduction and finding food, as they feed on tiny organisms that are in the soil.
Natural enemies
In their natural habitat, Poecilia picta have several natural enemies, including larger fish and other predators. However, they are also hunters themselves, feeding on small invertebrates and plant material. This makes them an important link in the ecosystem, where they are prey and predator.
Climate
Poecilia picta lives in a tropical climate, where temperatures are relatively high all year round. In these areas, seasonal flooding can occur, especially during the rainy season, which affects their habitat and breeding cycles. During dry periods, water levels can drop, which forces them to adapt to changing conditions. They are, therefore, relatively hardy fish.
Diet
Diet in the wild
In their natural habitat, the Poecilia picta is an omnivorous fish species. They feed mainly on small invertebrates, such as mosquito larvae, small insects, and other aquatic organisms. They also consume plant matter, such as algae and decaying plant matter, which helps them maintain a balanced diet. This versatile diet allows them to adapt to different environments and food sources available in their habitat, such as the muddy streams and swamps in which they live.
Diet in the aquarium
When keeping Poecilia picta in an aquarium, it is important to diversify their diet to optimize their health and color. In an aquarium, you can offer the following foods:
- Dry food: Quality flakes or pellets specially formulated for live-bearing fish. Make sure the food is rich in proteins and other nutrients.
- Frozen Food: Foods such as frozen mosquito larvae, brine shrimp, and daphnia are excellent additions to their diet. These foods are high in protein and promote color development.
- Fresh Food: Small pieces of vegetables such as spinach, zucchini, or cucumber can also be offered. Ensure these are washed well and cut into small pieces so the fish can easily eat them.
- Natural food: It is also possible to feed them live food, such as small insects or larvae, which stimulates their natural hunting instinct and helps them stay active.
Feeding frequency
Feeding the Poecilia picta small portions several times a day rather than one large meal is advisable. This helps to prevent overfeeding and keeps the fish active. A good guideline is to feed them 2 to 3 times a day, only giving as much as they can eat within a few minutes.
The Aquarium
To keep the Poecilia picta, an aquarium of at least 50 liters is recommended. This provides enough space for the fish to swim and hide. If you want to keep multiple pairs, it is wise to consider an aquarium of at least 100 liters. This ensures that the fish have enough space to establish their territory and to minimize stress.
The Aquarium
Aquarium decor is crucial to the well-being of Poecilia picta. It is advisable to provide the aquarium with lush plants and hiding places. Plants such as Java ferns, Anubias, and Elodea are excellent choices, as they not only provide hiding places, but also help improve water quality. Rocks and wood can also be added to create additional hiding places.
As for the substrate, sand is the best choice for this species. Sand provides a more natural environment and makes it easier for the fish to hide and forage for food. Gravel can also be used, but make sure the grains are not too sharp so that the fish do not injure themselves.
Water parameters
The best water parameters for Poecilia picta in the aquarium are: a temperature between 24°C and 28°C, a pH value of 6.5 to 8.0, and a general hardness of 5 to 20 dGH. It is important to perform regular water changes to maintain the water quality.
Compatibility with other tank mates
Poecilia picta is a peaceful species that can live well with other non-aggressive fish. Suitable tank mates include Cardinal Tetras, Poecilocharax weitzmani, Brevibora dorsiocellata, and Harlequin Rasbora. These species are similar in size and temperament, allowing them to live together without conflict.
Larger or more aggressive fish, such as cichlids or larger predatory species, should be avoided when selecting tank mates for Poecilia picta, as they may intimidate or even attack these smaller fish. It’s important to ensure that the tank mates are not too large, allowing the Poecilia picta to feel safe and secure in its environment.
Poecilia picta, is also called the Swamp Guppy in the trade. It is a small species that does not grow larger than 2.5 – 3 centimeters and at first glance it looks like a common wild-caught guppy, but it is slightly more streamlined than the common guppy and its tail is not as long. The coloration is very diverse and several color variants have been bred in the aquarium. The fish is usually silver-green with yellow, blue and black spots. Males are more brightly colored than females and slightly smaller. Since it is a species that likes brackish water, it does not do very well in a freshwater aquarium. Best kept in a special aquarium.
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Author
John de Lange
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